Understanding Chinese Art: Colors and Their Cultural Significance

Chinese art reflects a rich cultural heritage. Its use of color carries deep symbolic meanings. Colors convey messages and emotions tied to beliefs and traditions.

In this article, we’ll explore the cultural significance and use of colors in Chinese art. We’ll look at the history, symbolism, and applications of key colors in various art forms.

This insight will help you appreciate the depth and meaning behind the colors in Chinese art.

Historical Context of Chinese Art Colors

The use of color in Chinese art has evolved over centuries. Early examples date back to ancient artifacts and paintings. These pieces reveal the initial steps in the symbolic use of color.

Dynasties played a significant role in shaping color symbolism. Each period brought changes and new meanings to colors. Cultural shifts also influenced these developments, reflecting the values and beliefs of the times.

Neolithic Period (c. 10,000 – 2000 BC)

  • Early Neolithic pottery often featured red and black.
  • Red symbolized life and vitality, while black represented death and the afterlife.
  • These early uses set the stage for later symbolic meanings.
Eearthenware bowl painted with red and black mineral pigment with ring handles, Gansu Province, Neolithic period, Yangshao culture
Earthenware bowl painted with red and black mineral pigment with ring handles, Gansu Province, Neolithic period, Yangshao culture
Pot; painted earthenware; in the Shijia style
Pot; painted earthenware; in the Shijia style

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)

  • The Han Dynasty saw an expansion in color use.
  • Red and yellow became more prominent, symbolizing happiness and the emperor’s power, respectively.
  • Artifacts from this period, like pottery and murals, show these colors used in a variety of contexts.
Han pottery female dancer in silk robes
Han pottery female dancer in silk robes
A mural showing women dressed in traditional hanfu from the late Eastern Han-era Dahuting Tomb in Zhengzhou, Henan
A mural showing women dressed in traditional hanfu from the late Eastern Han-era Dahuting Tomb in Zhengzhou, Henan
A mural from an Eastern Han tomb at Zhucun (朱村), Luoyang
A mural from an Eastern Han tomb at Zhucun (朱村), Luoyang

Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)

  • The Tang Dynasty marked a vibrant period for color in Chinese art.
  • Artists used bright colors like gold, red, and green extensively.
  • Red symbolized power and festivity, while green represented nature and renewal.
Mural of Tang dynasty Chinese architecture from Mogao Grotto Cave 217, constructed in 707-710
Mural of Tang dynasty Chinese architecture from Mogao Grotto Cave 217, constructed in 707-710
Spring Outing of the Tang Court, by Zhang Xuan (713–755)
Spring Outing of the Tang Court, by Zhang Xuan (713–755)
A Tang dynasty sancai statuette of Sogdian musicians riding on a Bactrian camel, 723 AD, Xi'an
A Tang dynasty sancai statuette of Sogdian musicians riding on a Bactrian camel, 723 AD, Xi’an

Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD)

  • The Song Dynasty introduced a more subdued palette.
  • Black and white became prominent, reflecting the influence of Zen Buddhism.
  • These colors symbolized simplicity, purity, and the transient nature of life.
A portrait of Emperor Taizong of Song (r.  976–997)
A portrait of Emperor Taizong of Song (r.  976–997)
A Literary Garden, by Song Dynasty Zhou Wenju, 10th century
A Literary Garden, by Song Dynasty Zhou Wenju, 10th century
Anonymous painting of Cai Wenji and her Xiongnu husband (Zuoxianwang) dating from the Southern Song
Anonymous painting of Cai Wenji and her Xiongnu husband (Zuoxianwang) dating from the Southern Song

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD)

  • The Ming Dynasty is renowned for its blue and white porcelain.
  • Blue represented immortality and the divine, while white stood for purity and mourning.
  • This era refined the symbolic use of colors in ceramics and textiles.
Ming dynasty Xuande mark and period (1426–35) imperial blue and white vase
Ming dynasty Xuande mark and period (1426–35) imperial blue and white vase
Detail of The Emperor's Approach showing the Ming Dynasty Wanli Emperor's royal carriage being pulled by elephants and escorted by cavalry
Detail of The Emperor’s Approach showing the Ming Dynasty Wanli Emperor’s royal carriage being pulled by elephants and escorted by cavalry
Ming painting of a peddler selling birds, by Ji Sheng (計盛), 15th century
Ming painting of a peddler selling birds, by Ji Sheng (計盛), 15th century

Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 AD)

  • The Qing Dynasty saw the use of bright, bold colors.
  • Yellow became a dominant color, symbolizing imperial power and authority.
  • This period also saw the use of intricate patterns and designs, enhancing the symbolism of colors.
The Qing Dynasty Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722)
The Qing Dynasty Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722)
A Daoguang period Peking glass vase. Colored in Imperial Yellow, due to its association with the Qing.
A Daoguang period Peking glass vase. Colored in Imperial Yellow, due to its association with the Qing.
Qing Landscape by Wang Gai, 1694
Qing Landscape by Wang Gai, 1694

Each dynasty’s approach to color reflects its cultural values and societal norms. These shifts in color symbolism highlight the dynamic nature of Chinese art.

Symbolism of Colors in Chinese Art

Over the centuries, the evolution of color use in Chinese art has solidified specific meanings and symbolism. These meanings can generally be summarized as follows:

Red: Symbol of Luck, Happiness, and Prosperity

  • Historical Significance: Red has always been a symbol of good fortune and joy in Chinese culture. During the Han Dynasty, red was used in pottery and decorations to invoke happiness.
  • Modern Usage: Today, red remains prominent in Chinese festivals, weddings, and traditional attire. Red lanterns, banners, and clothing are common during the Lunar New Year.
  • Art Examples: Ancient murals and modern paintings often feature red to draw attention and convey positive energy. Red in Buddhist temples symbolizes protection and power.
Han dynasty red-and-black lacquerwares
Han dynasty red-and-black lacquerwares
Nanjing Fuzimiao Great Spirit Screen (大照壁) decorated with dragons
Nanjing Fuzimiao Great Spirit Screen (大照壁) decorated with dragons

Black: Represents Water, Power, and Stability

  • Historical Significance: Black represents water, which is essential for life and symbolizes stability and power. The use of black ink in calligraphy dates back to the Song Dynasty, highlighting its importance.
  • Modern Usage: Black is widely used in calligraphy and ink wash paintings, emphasizing strength and resilience. It’s also a primary color in contemporary minimalist designs.
  • Art Examples: Calligraphy pieces often use black ink to convey messages with depth and authority. Ink wash paintings depict landscapes and scenes with a focus on balance and harmony.
Letter by Oyang Xiu, Chinese Calligraphy
Letter by Oyang Xiu, Chinese Calligraphy

White: Symbol of Purity, Mourning, and Death

  • Historical Significance: White has been associated with mourning and death since ancient times. During the Tang Dynasty, white was worn at funerals and used in mourning rituals.
  • Modern Usage: White continues to symbolize purity and is used in both traditional and contemporary contexts. It is prevalent in modern minimalist art and design.
  • Art Examples: Traditional funeral attire is white, reflecting the cultural significance of mourning. Modern art uses white to convey simplicity and purity, often contrasting with darker colors.
A black-and-white 18th-century representation of the Taijitu of Zhao Huiqian (1370s)
A black-and-white 18th-century representation of the Taijitu of Zhao Huiqian (1370s)

Yellow: Represents Earth, Royalty, and Power

  • Historical Significance: Yellow was the color of emperors and symbolized their power and connection to the earth. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, yellow was reserved for imperial use.
  • Modern Usage: Yellow remains a symbol of authority and earth. It’s seen in modern representations of historical events and figures.
  • Art Examples: Imperial robes, palaces, and artifacts often feature yellow. The Forbidden City in Beijing is adorned with yellow tiles, signifying imperial power.
The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting
The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting

Green: Symbol of Health, Prosperity, and Harmony

  • Historical Significance: Green symbolizes growth, health, and harmony. It has been used in art to represent nature and renewal since the Tang Dynasty.
  • Modern Usage: Green is popular in nature-themed artworks and jade carvings. It represents vitality and prosperity in contemporary art.
  • Art Examples: Paintings of landscapes often use green to depict lush, vibrant scenes. Jade carvings, a traditional art form, frequently feature green to symbolize wealth and harmony.
Jade ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty (12th or 13th century)
Jade ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty (12th or 13th century)

Blue: Symbol of Immortality, Healing, and Tranquility

  • Historical Significance: Blue has long been associated with immortality and the divine. Ming Dynasty blue and white porcelain exemplifies this symbolism.
  • Modern Usage: Blue continues to evoke tranquility and longevity. It’s used in ceramics, textiles, and paintings to create a sense of calm and stability.
  • Art Examples: Blue and white porcelain from the Ming Dynasty remains iconic. Modern artworks use blue to convey peacefulness and eternal beauty.
Kangxi period (1661 to 1722) blue and white porcelain tea caddy
Kangxi period (1661 to 1722) blue and white porcelain tea caddy

Over time, the meanings of colors in Chinese art have become deeply intertwined with cultural values and beliefs. This rich symbolism, built over centuries, adds cultural significance to Chinese art.

Chinese Art Color Combinations and Their Meanings

Color combinations in Chinese art carry deep meanings, reflecting cultural beliefs and messages through their use.

  • Red and Gold: Symbolizes wealth and prosperity. Common in celebrations like weddings and Lunar New Year.
    Example: Decorations and attire during Chinese New Year often feature red and gold to attract good fortune and happiness.
Red-golden packets for Chinese New Year
Red-golden packets for Chinese New Year
  • Black and White: Represents the balance of yin and yang, symbolizing harmony and duality.
    Example: Traditional Chinese calligraphy often uses black ink on white paper, embodying this balance.
Mi Fu's On Calligraphy, a written discourse about the cursive style
Mi Fu’s On Calligraphy, a written discourse about the cursive style
  • Blue and White: Symbolizes purity, tranquility, and immortality.
    Example: Ming Dynasty porcelain is famous for its blue and white designs, representing these ideals.
Chinese Ming dynasty blue-and-white porcelain dish with a dragon
Chinese Ming dynasty blue-and-white porcelain dish with a dragon
  • Red and Green: This combination conveys harmony and balance.
    Example: In traditional Chinese paintings, red and green are often used together to depict harmonious natural scenes.
Western Han lacquered dragon mural, c. 2nd century BCE
Western Han lacquered dragon mural, c. 2nd century BCE
  • Yellow and Blue: Represents the emperor’s authority and divine protection.
    Example: Imperial robes often featured yellow and blue, emphasizing the ruler’s connection to the heavens and earth.
Emperor Ruizong of Tang (662–716)
Emperor Ruizong of Tang (662–716)
  • Black and Red: Used to convey strength and protection.
    Example: Warrior depictions and protective symbols in ancient Chinese art often use this powerful color combination.
A Chinese cinnabar red carved lacquer box from the Qing dynasty (1736–1795)
A Chinese cinnabar red carved lacquer box from the Qing dynasty (1736–1795)

These color combinations in Chinese art enhance visual appeal and imbue the artworks with deeper cultural and symbolic meanings.

Color Usage in Different Art Forms

Color plays a key role in different forms of Chinese art, each using it uniquely to convey cultural values and symbolism.

Paintings

Chinese paintings often use a mix of vibrant and muted colors to create depth and communicate symbolism. Techniques like ink wash and layering are prevalent.

  • “Ten Thousand Crimson Hills” by Li Keran: Uses black and red to symbolize strength and vitality.
Ten Thousand Crimson Hills, Li Keran, ink and color on paper (1962)
Ten Thousand Crimson Hills, Li Keran, ink and color on paper (1962)
  • “Along the River During the Qingming Festival” by Zhang Zeduan: Incorporates red and green to depict harmony and celebration. Some of the colors have faded.
Along the River During the Qingming Festival, Bridge Szene, Zhang Zeduan
Along the River During the Qingming Festival, Bridge Szene, Zhang Zeduan
  • “A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains” by Wang Ximeng: Highlights blue and green, representing tranquility and prosperity.
A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains, by Wang Ximeng
A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains, by Wang Ximeng

Ceramics

The evolution of Chinese ceramics reflects dynastic changes, with each period favoring different colors and techniques.

  • Ming Dynasty Blue and White Porcelain: Blue symbolizes immortality, and white represents purity.
Chinese blue and white jar, Ming dynasty, mid-15th century
Chinese blue and white jar, Ming dynasty, mid-15th century
  • Tang Dynasty Sancai Ware: Known for its green, yellow, and white glaze, showcasing cultural richness and artistic innovation.
Tang dynasty tomb figure, sancai horse, 7–8th century, also using blue, as on the saddle
Tang dynasty tomb figure, sancai horse, 7–8th century, also using blue, as on the saddle
  • Qing Dynasty Famille Rose Porcelain: Features pink and green, symbolizing wealth and good fortune.
Famille rose bowl, Imperial porcelain, Jingdezhen
Famille rose bowl, Imperial porcelain, Jingdezhen

Textiles

Traditional Chinese textiles often feature vibrant colors achieved through dyeing techniques like tie-dye and batik.

  • Imperial Robes: Yellow and blue signify power and divine protection.
Dragon robe of Emperor Qianlong
Dragon robe of Emperor Qianlong
  • Silk Brocades: Red and gold patterns symbolize wealth and prosperity.
Red and Gold Brocades
Red and Gold Brocades
  • Embroidered Peonies: Red and pink flowers on fabrics represent prosperity and honor.
Pink Peonies
Pink Peonies

Calligraphy

Black ink is fundamental in Chinese calligraphy, symbolizing clarity, strength, and the essence of the written word.

  • “Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion” by Wang Xizhi: Exemplifies the perfect use of black ink, reflecting elegance and mastery.
Wang Xizhi's Lantingji Xu
Wang Xizhi’s Lantingji Xu
  • “Cold Food Observance” by Su Shi: Showcases powerful strokes and vivid expression, highlighting emotional depth.
Detail from the Cold Food Observance by Su Shi
Detail from the Cold Food Observance by Su Shi

  • “Thousand Character Classic” by Ouyang Xun: Demonstrates the balance and precision of black ink on white paper.
Copy of Ouyang Xun’s Thousand Character Classic
Copy of Ouyang Xun’s Thousand Character Classic

These examples illustrate how various art forms in Chinese culture use color to convey deep symbolic meanings and cultural values.

Contemporary Chinese Art and Color

Contemporary Chinese artists engage with traditional color symbolism in varied and complex ways. Some respect and preserve these traditions, while others challenge and reinterpret them.

How Modern Chinese Artists Use Traditional Color Symbolism

Many modern artists still use traditional color meanings but often in new contexts. Red continues to symbolize luck and prosperity in works addressing themes like cultural heritage or social change. For instance, Zhang Xiaogang’s “Bloodline” series uses red to explore family ties and collective memory, linking past and present.

However, some artists deliberately subvert these traditional meanings. Xu Bing’s “A Book from the Sky” uses traditional black ink in an unconventional manner, questioning language and meaning by presenting illegible Chinese characters. This challenges the conventional use of black ink as a symbol of clarity and wisdom.

Changes and Continuities in the Use of Color in Contemporary Chinese Art

While traditional meanings persist, contemporary artists also adapt and redefine color symbolism to address modern issues. Yellow, historically an imperial color, is now used in broader contexts. For example, Huang Yong Ping uses yellow in his installations to comment on political power and identity in a globalized world.

Green, traditionally symbolizing harmony and health, is now frequently associated with environmentalism. Artists like Cai Guo-Qiang use green to address ecological concerns, reflecting the growing importance of environmental themes in contemporary art.

Examples of Contemporary Artworks and Artists

  • “Bloodline: Big Family No. 2” by Zhang Xiaogang: Uses traditional red to symbolize family ties and cultural heritage, while exploring personal identity and collective memory.
  • “A Book from the Sky” by Xu Bing: Combines traditional black ink with modern printing techniques to challenge language and communication norms, subverting traditional symbolism.
  • “The Nine Dragon Wall” by Huang Yong Ping: Uses yellow to critique political power and cultural identity, reinterpreting the color’s historical imperial connotations.
  • “Heritage” by Cai Guo-Qiang: Utilizes green to highlight environmental issues, reflecting the evolving significance of green in contemporary Chinese art.

These examples demonstrate the complex relationship between tradition and innovation in the use of color in contemporary Chinese art. Artists navigate between preserving historical meanings and challenging them, creating works that resonate with both past and present.

Final Thoughts on Color Symbolism in Chinese Art

Colors in Chinese art might be visually striking. But they are so much more: they function as windows into centuries of culture and tradition.

Whether in paintings, ceramics, textiles, or calligraphy, the careful choice of colors enhances the impact of the artwork.

The meanings behind these colors have endured and been reinterpreted, enriching both ancient masterpieces and contemporary creations. It’s fascinating to see how ancient symbolism is woven into modern contexts, creating a dialogue between past and present.

Wu Guanzhong, Faces unchanged
Wu Guanzhong, Faces unchanged

FAQ

Q: What is the significance of colors in Chinese art?
A: Colors in Chinese art carry deep cultural meanings, with each hue symbolizing specific values and beliefs. Red represents luck and prosperity, while black denotes strength and stability. Yellow is associated with royalty and power, and green signifies health and harmony. These traditional color meanings have been maintained and evolved through centuries of Chinese artistic practice.

Q: How does the Chinese art color palette reflect cultural values?
A: The Chinese art color palette reflects cultural values by using specific colors to symbolize different aspects of life and beliefs. Red symbolizes joy and good fortune, making it prevalent in celebrations. Black represents resilience and stability, often used in calligraphy and ink paintings. Yellow is tied to imperial power, and green denotes renewal and growth, illustrating the deep connection between color and cultural expression in Chinese art.

Q: How have colors in Chinese art evolved over time?
A: Over time, the use of colors in Chinese art has evolved from simple, natural pigments to more sophisticated and symbolic applications. Early artworks used basic earth tones, while later periods saw the introduction of vibrant hues like red, blue, and green, reflecting technological advancements and cultural shifts. The Tang Dynasty introduced brighter colors, while the Ming Dynasty’s blue and white porcelain became iconic. Despite these changes, the symbolic meanings of colors have largely remained consistent.

Q: What role does color play in traditional Chinese painting?
A: In traditional Chinese painting, color is used not only for aesthetic appeal but also to convey deeper symbolic meanings. Each color chosen by the artist can represent specific cultural values, emotions, and themes. For example, landscapes often use green to symbolize nature and renewal, while red may highlight elements of joy or celebration. The careful selection and combination of colors help to enhance the narrative and emotional impact of the artwork.

Q: How does the color red function in Chinese art?
A: In Chinese art, the color red functions as a powerful symbol of luck, happiness, and prosperity. It is commonly used in decorations for festivals, weddings, and other joyous occasions. Artists use red to draw attention to important elements and to imbue their work with positive energy. This color’s significance is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and continues to be a dominant feature in both traditional and contemporary artworks.

Q: Why is yellow an important color in Chinese art?
A: Yellow is an important color in Chinese art because it is historically associated with the emperor and imperial authority. This color symbolizes power, wealth, and the earth. It was often used in the garments of emperors and in the decoration of palaces. The prominence of yellow in Chinese art underscores its significance as a symbol of ultimate authority and divinity.

Q: How is the color black used in Chinese calligraphy and art?
A: The color black is fundamental in Chinese calligraphy and art, symbolizing strength, depth, and stability. Black ink, made from soot and animal glue, is used to create bold, expressive strokes that convey both the form and spirit of the subject. In ink wash paintings, black is used to depict a range of tones and textures, demonstrating the artist’s skill and the medium’s versatility. The use of black underscores the importance of simplicity and clarity in Chinese artistic traditions.

Q: What is the significance of blue in Chinese art?
A: In Chinese art, blue symbolizes immortality, healing, and tranquility. It is famously used in Ming Dynasty blue and white porcelain, where it represents purity and elegance. Blue also appears in landscape paintings to depict water and sky, creating a serene and calming effect. This color’s association with peace and longevity makes it a cherished element in Chinese artistic traditions.

Q: How do green and white function symbolically in Chinese art?
A: Green and white in Chinese art carry significant symbolic meanings. Green represents health, prosperity, and harmony, often seen in nature-themed artworks and jade carvings. White symbolizes purity, mourning, and death, used in funeral attire and minimalist designs. Together, these colors highlight the themes of life and death, renewal and purity, reflecting the cyclical nature of existence in Chinese culture.

Q: What are some famous examples of Chinese artworks that use color symbolically? A: Famous examples of Chinese artworks that use color symbolically include:

  • “Along the River During the Qingming Festival” by Zhang Zeduan: Uses red and green to depict harmony and festivity.
  • Ming Dynasty Blue and White Porcelain: Blue symbolizes immortality and purity.
  • “A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains” by Wang Ximeng: Utilizes blue and green to represent tranquility and prosperity. These works demonstrate how color enhances the narrative and emotional depth of Chinese art.

Sources

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Sullivan, M. (1984). The Arts of China. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CzdICSqnELkC

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